Kudaibergenova Ayzhamal
Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract. In the article, one of the major historical events is 1916, which is the basis for clarifying the main course of historical conditions on the eve of the Soviet era, including the demographic development of the Kazakh people and the migration process. The consequences of the national liberation uprising are considered. In 1916, Kazakhs were not taken into the First World War, but they did not pick up weapons, but shovels to dig trenches under a shower of bullets. The Tsar#8217;s decree of June 25 brought the Central Asian peoples, oppressed by migration policies, the arbitrariness of the Tsar#8217;s local administration and #8220;Great Russian chauvinism#8221;, to the limit of patience, and provoked an uprising. An analysis of the number of people involved in “retail work” was carried out. Along with the refugee problem, the impact of the insurgency on the population is examined quantitatively. 1916 Those who participated in the uprising escaped punishment, fled to China and were moved along known migration routes. Measures to return Kazakhs to China and their results, which were carried out on the initiative of the Provisional Government in 1917, will also be discussed. During these years, conflicts often arose between settlers who appropriated Kazakh lands and returning Kazakhs. After the end of the civil war, in 1921, the Soviet government began to take special measures to return land to the Kazakhs, including the return of refugees who fled to China during the 1916 uprising. On the eve of the Soviet era, first of all, the Kazakhs were expelled from their homes and deprived of land suitable for traditional agriculture. Secondly, migration associated with displacement from land reduced the birth rate of Kazakhs, led to an increase in mortality and a decrease in natural population growth. Thirdly, the settlers who came and settled on Kazakh soil, armed themselves with socio-economic advantages, acquired military power and caused many disruptions in the daily life of the local population.
Key words: Kazakhstan, the Soviet era, the national liberation uprising of 1916, refugees, demographic development, famine, royal decree, rear work, royal tyranny
DOI 10.56525/CLPZ6432